Secondary activities

 SECONDARY ACTIVITIES

What is secondary activities?

Secondary activities add value to natural resources or primary resources by transforming raw materials into valuable products. 

What do you mean by manufacturing?

Manufacturing means that to make by hand but now it includes goods made by machines. Raw materials into finished goods of higher value.

                            Manufacturing industry

 Explain small scale manufacturing and large scale manufacturing?

Small scale manufacturing is indicated to household industries. This type of manufacturing uses local raw materials and it needs semi skilled labour. It provides employment to their population. 

Large scale manufacturing involves a large market, various raw material, enormous energy, specialized workers, advanced technology and large capital.

What is industries based on inputs or raw materials. Explain how many type of industries?

Industries based on inputs or raw materials mean that primary things which need fir secondary activities. Raw materials manufactured into secondary materials. 

The industries are classified as (a)agro based; (b)mineral based; (c)chemical based; (d)forest based; (e)animal based. 

a) Agro based industries

Agro processing includes the processing of raw materials from field. And the products ready for urban markets. This happens on major scale such as food processing, sugar, pickles, fruits juices, spices and oil etc.

b)Mineral based industries 

These industries also use as a raw material. Every industry use different things such as some use non ferrous and some ferrous. On the contrary some use metallic minerals and some non metallic minerals. 

c)Chemical based Industries 

These industries provide mineral oil, sulphur and potash. And it also use raw materials such as wood and coal.

d)Forest based raw materials 

Forest provide many major and minor products like wood,bamboo,grass and timber etc.

e)Animal based industries 

Here we have some examples for it like leather for leather industries and wool for woolen textiles and we obtained from animals.

Unification of Germany, italy and britain.

UNIFICATION OF ITALY, GERMANY AND STRANGE CASE OF BRITAIN 

THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

After 1848 nationalism was turned into a mere sentiment used by conservatives for promoting state power. Liberal initiatives were suppressed by monarchy, military and junkers(Prussian landowners).

Otto.von Bismarck he was a chief minister and he wanted to make strong German empire even he never favored democracy and liberalism. He only used military reforms for unification of germany.

Three wars had done in seven years among Austria, Demark, France, and Prussia. Prussia won in this wars and It became unified.

In January 1871 the prussian king William 1 he proclaimed german emperor  in a ceremony held at Versailles.

The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernizing the currency, Banking, Legal and judicial system.

At last with the help of all these efforts  Germany unification had done.

      Unification of germany(1866-71)

ITALY UNIFIED 

Italy was scattered into many dynastic states. In north had Austrian habsburgs which ruled by Pope and southern region had bourbon kings.

They had many regional and local variations. 

During the 1830s Giuseppe mazzini he wanted to unify the Italy. He formed a secret society called young Italy. 

Sardinian Piedmont was ruled by king victor Emmanuel 2nd. His terminology was that devoid wars we didn't get any liberty.

Chief minister cavour he famous for his diplomacy skills. He led the movement against Austria empire in 1859.

Giuseppe garibaldi he was Italian general. He fought a lot wars and Peasants gave him support. 

In 1861 the kingdom of two sicilies won and italy unified. victor Emmanuel announced as a king of Italy.

          Italian states before unification 1858

           Italy after unification 

THE STRANGE CASE OF BRITAIN 

Formation of a state was not due to Sudden upheaval or revolution. There were so many ethnic groups such as Irish, English, Welsh and Scots. 

English nation was steadily grew up in way of wealth and  power and it became important. 

English parliament seized power from the monarchy in 1688. Act of 1707 between England and Scotland led to the formation of United kingdom of Great Britain. 

English was influenced on Scotland and Ireland was divided into two parts Catholics and protestants. 

English supported protestants .

Wolf stone he formed a group called United irishmen. They revolted in 1798. Britain became a nation state with its British flag and national anthem.

Primary activities

PRIMARY ACTIVITIES 

What is the definition of primary activity and what kind of activities are including in it?

Primary activities are directly dependent on environment, many resources referred by this such as land, water, vegetation, building materials and minerals. 

It thus includes hunting, fishing, agriculture, and mining and quarrying.

What do mean by hunting and gathering?

In ancient time people were dependent upon environment. They did hunting and gathering. 

People located in cold and extremely hot climates survived on hunting. 

Many species now have become extinct or endangered due to illegal hunting. 

People of Ancient time they used primitive tools which had made by stones, twigs or arrows.

What is pastoralism?

When people started realizing that hunting is an unsustainable activity then human beings might have thought of domestication of animal. Depending on the Geographical factors and technological development. 

What kind of pastoralism ?

It has two types such as nomadic herding and commercial livestock rearing.

Nomadic herding means pastoral nomadism it is primitive subsistence activity in which the people rely on animals for food, clothing, shelter, tools and transport. They move one place to another.

Commercial livestock rearing it is essentially associated with western cultures. There are some important animals too such as sheep, goats, cattle and horses. We get products from them like meat,wool,hides and skin.

Human development

                     HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

▪︎Growth and Development

•Growth is quantitative and value neutral. It may have negative and positive sign.

•Development means a qualitative change. which always value positive.

▪︎The four pillars of human development.

•Equity refers to equal rights or opportunities. People must be treated equally irrespective of their gender,race,income and caste.

•Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. Each generation must have same opportunities. Future generations have right to get all availability devoid any lackness.

•Productivity means human labour productivity. It depends upon that how much caliber,efforts a person is that will render the economy. If we have great knowledge and health facility that will lead to work efficiency.

•Empowerment means to have the power to make choices. Power comes from freedom and capability.

▪︎Approach to human development

•Income approach it is necessary for all and the idea of level of income reflects the level of freedom an individual enjoys.

•Welfare approach it comes with better amenities, education,health,social secondary and other facilities.The government is responsible for increasing levels of human development.

•Basic needs approach there are six basic needs health, education,food,water supply, sanitation and housing.

•Capability approach one should be having the capability for getting education and have good health.these are the basically key of human development.

The world population

THE WORLD POPULATION

Patterns of population distribution in the world

Patterns of population and density help us to understand the demographic characteristics of any area. Population distribution it describes about that how much space has been occupied by people. What happened that we have 90%of the world population but we have 10% of its land area.

What are the factors influencing the distribution of population?

1) Geographical factors

a) Availability of water: It is the most crucial factor for life. We prefer to live in those areas which have sublime facility of water that it easily available. Water is used for drinking, bathing and cooking and for cattle too.
b) Landforms: People prefer to live on flat plains and gentle slopes. Why these areas choose by the people because it is favourable for the production of crops and to built roads and industries.
c) Climate: An extreme climate such as hot or cold deserts are uncomfortable for human habitation. Areas with the comfortable climate where there is not much seasonal variation attract more people.
d) Soils: fertile soils are important for agricultural and allied activities. Where these kind of soils available people are refer to live on them.

2) Economic factors

a) Industrialisation: Most of the people attract towards industries for employment.
b) Urbanisation: Cities have better employment opportunities, education and medical facilities, better means of transport and communication.
c) Minerals: Areas with minerals deposits attract industries. Mining and industrial activities generate employment.

Human geography scope and nature.

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Nature and scope

Human geography studies the relationship between the physical/natural and the human world.It shows the social and economic differences between different parts of the world.

Nature of human geography
Human geography studies the inter relationship between the physical environment and socio cultural. There are some elements too which include landforms, soils, climate, water, natural vegetation and diverse flora and fauna.

What is Naturalisation of human and humanisation of nature?

Human beings interact with their physical environment with the help of technology.

Technology indicates the level of cultural development of society. For instance the concept of friction and heat helped us to discover heat.

Knowledge about nature is extremely essential for all to produce or render the technology and we need to understand the environment that devoid this we can't able to develop technology.

What is environmental determinism?

The level of technology was very low and the stage of human social development was also primitive. This type of interaction between primitive human society and strong forces of nature was termed as environment determinism.

History (Ancient part 4)

VEDIC CULTURE (1500 BC-600 BC) (Ancient part 4)

▪︎Original home of aryans:
 • The location of the original home of the aryans still remains a controversial point. Some people believe that they were native to the soil of India and some other believe that they migrated from outside.

▪︎Vedic literature:
 • vedic literature comprises of four literary productions.
 1) The samhitas or vedas: Vedas had not created by man but God gifted. There are four vedas Rig veda (collection of lyrics), Yajur veda (book of sacrificial prayers) , Sama veda (book of chants) and Atharva veda (book of magical fofmulae). The first three vedas known as Vedatrayi.
 2) The Brahamans: It explains about hymns of the vedas.They are ritualistic in nature.
 3) The Aranyakas: The word Aranya means forest. They were written for the students living in jungles.
 4) The Upanishads: It is philosophical texts. They are  called vedanta.

▪︎Literature of vedic traditions (600 BC-600 AD)
 • It comprises 6 literary works.
 1) Vedangas/Sutras:
There are six vedangas.
a) Shiksha (phonotics). b)kalpa sutras (rituals).c)Vyakarana (grammar).d)Nirukta (etymology).e)Chhanda (metrics).f)Jyotisha(astronomy).
 2) Smritis Dharmashastras:
There are six famous smritis.a)Manu smriti. b)Yajnvalkya smriti. c) Narad smriti. d) Parashara smriti.e)  Brihaspati smriti. f) Katyayana smriti.
 3)Mahakavyas(Epics):There are two epics. a)The Ramayana b)The Mahabharata
 4) Purans: It means old. There are 18 famous Purans.
 5) Upvesas: These were traditionally associated with vedas.
 6) Shad-Dharshanas: There are 6 schools of Indian philosophy known as shad darshanas.

▪︎Vedic period
 • Early vedic period: Agriculture, barter system(cow and gold).
They were having liberalism and equality.
 • Later vedic period:
Vagurveda, Samveda, Atharveda. They shifted to eastern side. At that stance surplus crop production had started and trade activities were going on. Cities developed as mahajanpadas.