Secondary activities

 SECONDARY ACTIVITIES

What is secondary activities?

Secondary activities add value to natural resources or primary resources by transforming raw materials into valuable products. 

What do you mean by manufacturing?

Manufacturing means that to make by hand but now it includes goods made by machines. Raw materials into finished goods of higher value.

                            Manufacturing industry

 Explain small scale manufacturing and large scale manufacturing?

Small scale manufacturing is indicated to household industries. This type of manufacturing uses local raw materials and it needs semi skilled labour. It provides employment to their population. 

Large scale manufacturing involves a large market, various raw material, enormous energy, specialized workers, advanced technology and large capital.

What is industries based on inputs or raw materials. Explain how many type of industries?

Industries based on inputs or raw materials mean that primary things which need fir secondary activities. Raw materials manufactured into secondary materials. 

The industries are classified as (a)agro based; (b)mineral based; (c)chemical based; (d)forest based; (e)animal based. 

a) Agro based industries

Agro processing includes the processing of raw materials from field. And the products ready for urban markets. This happens on major scale such as food processing, sugar, pickles, fruits juices, spices and oil etc.

b)Mineral based industries 

These industries also use as a raw material. Every industry use different things such as some use non ferrous and some ferrous. On the contrary some use metallic minerals and some non metallic minerals. 

c)Chemical based Industries 

These industries provide mineral oil, sulphur and potash. And it also use raw materials such as wood and coal.

d)Forest based raw materials 

Forest provide many major and minor products like wood,bamboo,grass and timber etc.

e)Animal based industries 

Here we have some examples for it like leather for leather industries and wool for woolen textiles and we obtained from animals.

Primary activities

PRIMARY ACTIVITIES 

What is the definition of primary activity and what kind of activities are including in it?

Primary activities are directly dependent on environment, many resources referred by this such as land, water, vegetation, building materials and minerals. 

It thus includes hunting, fishing, agriculture, and mining and quarrying.

What do mean by hunting and gathering?

In ancient time people were dependent upon environment. They did hunting and gathering. 

People located in cold and extremely hot climates survived on hunting. 

Many species now have become extinct or endangered due to illegal hunting. 

People of Ancient time they used primitive tools which had made by stones, twigs or arrows.

What is pastoralism?

When people started realizing that hunting is an unsustainable activity then human beings might have thought of domestication of animal. Depending on the Geographical factors and technological development. 

What kind of pastoralism ?

It has two types such as nomadic herding and commercial livestock rearing.

Nomadic herding means pastoral nomadism it is primitive subsistence activity in which the people rely on animals for food, clothing, shelter, tools and transport. They move one place to another.

Commercial livestock rearing it is essentially associated with western cultures. There are some important animals too such as sheep, goats, cattle and horses. We get products from them like meat,wool,hides and skin.

Human development

                     HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

▪︎Growth and Development

•Growth is quantitative and value neutral. It may have negative and positive sign.

•Development means a qualitative change. which always value positive.

▪︎The four pillars of human development.

•Equity refers to equal rights or opportunities. People must be treated equally irrespective of their gender,race,income and caste.

•Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. Each generation must have same opportunities. Future generations have right to get all availability devoid any lackness.

•Productivity means human labour productivity. It depends upon that how much caliber,efforts a person is that will render the economy. If we have great knowledge and health facility that will lead to work efficiency.

•Empowerment means to have the power to make choices. Power comes from freedom and capability.

▪︎Approach to human development

•Income approach it is necessary for all and the idea of level of income reflects the level of freedom an individual enjoys.

•Welfare approach it comes with better amenities, education,health,social secondary and other facilities.The government is responsible for increasing levels of human development.

•Basic needs approach there are six basic needs health, education,food,water supply, sanitation and housing.

•Capability approach one should be having the capability for getting education and have good health.these are the basically key of human development.

The world population

THE WORLD POPULATION

Patterns of population distribution in the world

Patterns of population and density help us to understand the demographic characteristics of any area. Population distribution it describes about that how much space has been occupied by people. What happened that we have 90%of the world population but we have 10% of its land area.

What are the factors influencing the distribution of population?

1) Geographical factors

a) Availability of water: It is the most crucial factor for life. We prefer to live in those areas which have sublime facility of water that it easily available. Water is used for drinking, bathing and cooking and for cattle too.
b) Landforms: People prefer to live on flat plains and gentle slopes. Why these areas choose by the people because it is favourable for the production of crops and to built roads and industries.
c) Climate: An extreme climate such as hot or cold deserts are uncomfortable for human habitation. Areas with the comfortable climate where there is not much seasonal variation attract more people.
d) Soils: fertile soils are important for agricultural and allied activities. Where these kind of soils available people are refer to live on them.

2) Economic factors

a) Industrialisation: Most of the people attract towards industries for employment.
b) Urbanisation: Cities have better employment opportunities, education and medical facilities, better means of transport and communication.
c) Minerals: Areas with minerals deposits attract industries. Mining and industrial activities generate employment.

Human geography scope and nature.

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Nature and scope

Human geography studies the relationship between the physical/natural and the human world.It shows the social and economic differences between different parts of the world.

Nature of human geography
Human geography studies the inter relationship between the physical environment and socio cultural. There are some elements too which include landforms, soils, climate, water, natural vegetation and diverse flora and fauna.

What is Naturalisation of human and humanisation of nature?

Human beings interact with their physical environment with the help of technology.

Technology indicates the level of cultural development of society. For instance the concept of friction and heat helped us to discover heat.

Knowledge about nature is extremely essential for all to produce or render the technology and we need to understand the environment that devoid this we can't able to develop technology.

What is environmental determinism?

The level of technology was very low and the stage of human social development was also primitive. This type of interaction between primitive human society and strong forces of nature was termed as environment determinism.

Energy resources

ENERGY RESOURCES

what do you mean by energy resources?
Energy is required for all activities. It is needed to cook, to provide light and heat, to drive machinery in industries.
Energy resources can be classified in two ways:

a) Conventional sources : It includes some sources such as firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity etc.

1) COAL
what is coal and in what ways it is used?
Coal is conventional sources of energy.It is the most abundantly available fossil fuel. It used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs. What is the formation of coal?              Coal is formed due the compression of plants material over millions of years. It's formation depends on the depth and time of burial.
Lignite : It is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. It is found in Tamil nadu and used for generation of electricity.          Bituminous : Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures is bituminous coal. It is most popular coal in commercial use.  Where coal occurs in rock series?          Main geological ages, namely gondwana, a little over 200 million years in age. The major resources of gondwana coal which is located in damodar valley. Jharia, raniganj, bokaro are important coalfields.

2) PETROLEUM.
What is petroleum and what are the ways of using it ?
Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India.It provides fuel for heat and lighting and raw materials for a number of manufacturing indutries.                    Where petroleum gas is found ?Petroleum gas is found in fault traps between porous and non porous rocks. Gas being lighter usually occurs above the oil. About 63% of Indian's petroleum production from Mumbai, 18% from Gujarat and 16% from Assam.

3) NATURAL GAS
Natural gas  is an important clean energy resource. It is used as a source of energy as well as an Industrial .Natural gas is considered an environment friendly.
Where it is found?
Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna godavari basin. Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas too.

b) Non conventional sources : It includes solar, wind, tidal, geothermal etc.
1) SOLAR.
India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. Solar power plants are being established in different parts of India. Which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation.

2) WIND POWER.
India has great potential of wind power. The largest wind farm is located in Tamil nadu from nagarcoil to Madurai.

GEO THERMAL ENERGY.
3) It refers to the heat and electricity produced. Groundwater in such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot.

Soil resource

SOIL AS A RESOURCE

what is soil?
Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. It is the main medium of plant growth and different types of living organisms on the earth. Chemical and organic changes which take place in the soils are equally important. Soil also consist of organic and inorganic materials.

What are the factors which are responsible for soil formation?
There are some factors such as colour, thickness, texture, age, Chemical and physical properties etc.

What are the types of soil ?
1) Alluvial soils.
2) Black soil.
3) Red and Yellow soils.
4) Laterite soil.
5) Arid soil.

Explanation of the type of soil one by one:
ALLUVIAL SOIL.
This is the most widely spread soil. The entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil. The soil has been deposited by three important Himalayas river system the Indus, the ganga and the Brahmaputra. This soil consist of various proportion of sand, silt and clay. Alluvial soils as a whole are very fertile. These soils contain potash, phosphoric acid and lime.which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane,paddy,whear and pulse ccros.

BLACK SOIL.
These soils are black in colour and it is known as regur soil. This soil is ideal for growing cotton and it also known as black cotton soil. Soil counts on climatic condition. They cover the plateueaus of Maharashtra, saurashtra, malwa and chhattisgarh.They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture. They are rich in nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. And generally poor in phosphoric content.

RED AND YELLOW SOILS.
Red soil develops on igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. These soils also found in odisha, chhattisgarh and western ghats.

LATERITE SOIL.
The laterite soil develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall. Humus content of the soil is low because most of the micro organisms, particularly the decomposers, like bacteria. These soils are mainly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Assam. This soil suitable for crops like cashew nut.

ARID SOILS.
Arid soil range from red to brown in colour. They are generally Sandy in texture and saline in nature. Due to the dry climate the soil lacks humus and moisture.

SOIL EROSION.
The processes of soil formation and erosion, go on generally there is balance between the two but sometimes this balance is disturbed due to human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, construction and mining etc.

SOIL CONSERVATION.
Large field can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left grow up the force of the wind. This method known as strip cropping.  Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. This is called contour ploughing.

Water resources

                 WATER RESOURCES. 

What is water?

Water is essential for our life devoid it we cannot survive in every step of our life we need water.There are three fourth of the earth's surface is covered with water, but only a small proportion of its accounts for fresh water that can be put to use this freshwater is obtained from groundwater. It is being renewed or recycled by hydrological cycle and it ensure that water is renewable source.

USES OF WATER.

Many uses of water such as in agricultural,industrial,household,recreational and environmental activities.

Where water scarcity likely to occur?               
1) water scarcity may be an outcome of large and growing population and on the other hand water has greater in demand.
2) A large population means more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food.
3) Hence to facilitate higher food grain production water resources are being over exploited to expand irrigation areas and dry season agriculture.
4) many farmers have their own Wells and tube Wells for irrigation to increase their produce.
5) There is disadvantage also is that groundwater levels, adversely affecting water availability and for security of the people.
6) Housing societies or colonies in the cities,you would see that most of these have, own groundwater pumping devices. This scarcity may be due to bad quality of water.

How to conserve the water? 

1) Hydraulic structure (this is a ancient related) like dams built of Stone rubble or lakes, embankments and canals for irrigation.
2) Water supply for domestic and industrial uses, Flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding.
3) The Giraud project in the mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control.
4) Multipurpose project, launched after independence with their integrated water resources management approach.

Land resources

                    LAND RESOURCES 

What is Land resources? 
                    
A land resource is that on which we live, perform our economic activities, and use it in many ways. What are the uses of land?                                 
1) Recreational: fun, non-essentials like a park.                                 
2) Agriculture: farmland.                         
3) Residential: Housing.                         
4) Transport: Roads, Railways, and Airports.   
5) Commercial: Business and Factories.                       

What is the land use pattern in India?           
In this land use is determined in two ways: Physical factors such as Topography, Climate, Soil types. Human factors such as Population density, Technological capability and culture, and tradition, etc. The total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq km. land-use data is available only 93% of the total geographical area land under permanent pasture has decreased. Most of the lands are available in either poor quality or the cost of the land is very high. Hence these lands are cultivated once or twice in about two to three years.                     

NET SOWN area in some states. It is over 80% in Punjab and Haryana of the total area of less than 10% in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Manipur. A part of the land is termed as wasteland. Wasteland includes such as rocky, arid, and desert areas. The use of non-agricultural land uses include settlements, roads, railways, and industry, etc.

LAND DEGRADATION.   
We use the land for our basic needs like food, shelter, and clothing which are obtained from the land. Human activities have not done the degradation of the land but also damages the pace of natural forces to cause damage to the land.           

Some human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining, and quarrying too have contributed significantly to land degradation. Industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country. There are some ways to solve problems of land degradation of land (conservation)     
 1) Afforestation. 
         
2) Proper management of grazing.                             
3) Planting of shelter belts of plants.               
4) Control on overgrazing.

Resources

RESOURCES 
What is resources?
Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided such as technologically, economically, and culturally can be turned as resources.

RESOURCES are divided into two terms:
1) Natural. 
2)  Human.

(ON THE BASIS OF EXHAUTIBILITY )

a)Renewable resources.
The resources which can be renewed by Physical, Chemical and Mechanical process are known as renewable resources.For eg: Solar, Wind energy, Forest, Water and Wildlife.

b)  Non renewable resource.
These resources take longer period of time. Minerals and fossil flue are examples of such resources. These resources take million of years. Some of the resources like metals are recycled and some like fossil fuel cannot recycled and get exhausted with their use.
 
(ON THE BASIS OF ORIGIN) 

a) Bioticresources.
These sources are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings,flora(plants) and fauna.(animals)

b) Abiotic resource:
There are non living resources for eg.Rocks and metals.
                   
(ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP) 
                 
a)Individual resources.
These are also owned privately by individuals many farmers own land which is alloted by government against the payment of revenue.Urban people own plots, houses and other property. Plantation, pasture land, ponds, water in Wells etc. Are some of the examples of resources ownership by individuals. 

b) Community owned resources.
There are resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. Such as public parks, picnic spots, playground etc. 

c) National resources.
All resources belong to the nation. The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good. Such eg: roads, canals, railways etc. Used by our nation.